Changes to the State Energy Data System (SEDS) Notice: In October 2023, we updated the way we calculate primary energy consumption of electricity generation from noncombustible renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal). Visit our Changes to 1960—2022 conversion factor for renewable energy page to learn more.
Last Updated: February 15, 2024
Florida is the third-largest energy-consuming state, but it uses less energy per capita than all but six other states.
Known as the Sunshine State, Florida has significant solar energy potential as well as substantial biomass resources and some oil and natural gas production. 1,2,3 The Florida peninsula extends almost 450 miles south from the state's northern border with Georgia to the Florida Keys in the Gulf of Mexico, the southernmost point in the continental United States. 4 The state's northern boundary stretches about 360 miles from the Atlantic Ocean across the Florida Panhandle to the Perdido River, the state's western boundary with Alabama. 5 The warm waters of the Gulf Stream, including the Florida Current, wrap around much of the state's marine coastline and moderate Florida's climate, which ranges from tropical to subtropical. 6,7 The Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean make the state one of the most humid in the nation, with frequent summer thunderstorms and occasional devastating hurricanes. As a result, Florida has taken more direct hits from tropical storms and hurricanes than any other state. 8,9
Until the 20th century, Florida was largely rural and sparsely populated, but the state's population has been one of the fastest growing in the nation during the past century, in part because air conditioning became widely available and because of the state's popularity as a tourist and retirement destination. 10,11 Florida is the third-most populous state and the third-largest energy-consuming state in the nation. 12,13 However, Florida uses less energy per capita than all but six other states, in part because of its moderate winter weather and relatively low industrial sector energy use. 14,15 The transportation sector, which includes the energy used by the automobiles, trains, planes, and ships that bring the state's many visitors to Florida's beaches and attractions leads end-use energy consumption, accounting for almost two-fifths of the state's total energy use. The residential sector, where almost all homes use air conditioning, consumes nearly three-tenths of the energy used in the state. 16 Florida's commercial sector accounts for more than one-fifth of state energy consumption and the industrial sector used about one-tenth. 17 Overall, Florida consumes more than seven times as much energy as it produces. 18
Florida is the second-largest producer of electricity in the nation.
Florida is the second-largest producer of electricity in the nation, after Texas. 19 In 2022, natural gas fueled about three-fourths of Florida's total in-state net generation, and 8 of the state's 10 largest power plants by capacity and by generation are natural gas-fired. 20,21 Natural gas has fueled the largest share of Florida's electricity generation since 2003, when it surpassed coal's contribution. 22 Florida also leads the nation in generators that can switch between natural gas and fuel oil. 23 Although petroleum-fired power plants provided less than 0.2% of Florida's generation in 2022, petroleum liquids remain an important backup fuel source at many of the state's natural gas-fired power plants. 24 In 2022, almost two-thirds of the state's natural gas-fired power plants could switch to petroleum products in the event of disruptions in the natural gas supply. 25,26
The second-largest source of in-state generation in Florida is nuclear power. The state's two nuclear power stations are located on Florida's Atlantic Coast. Those two plants typically provide more than one-tenth of the state's net generation. 27,28,29 Renewable resources—mainly solar energy and biomass—accounted for about 7% of Florida's total in-state generation in 2022, and coal-fired power plants supplied about 6%, down from 36% in 2001. 30 Most of the rest of the state's generation was from industrial plants that used a variety of fuels. 31 Nearly all of the state's recent and planned additions of generating capacity are natural gas-fueled or solar-powered. 32
Florida is the third-largest electricity consumer in the nation, after Texas and California, but does not produce enough electricity to meet its power needs. 33,34 Although the state receives additional electricity via the regional grid, Florida's in-state generation has consistently increased as the amount of power imported has decreased during the past decade. 35 In 2022, Florida imported less than 3% of the electricity it needed. 36
The residential sector, where more than 9 in 10 Florida households use electricity as their primary energy source for home heating and almost all use air conditioning, accounts for more than half of Florida's electricity consumption, the largest share of any state. 37,38 The commercial sector accounts for about two-fifths of state consumption, and the industrial sector uses most of the rest. The transportation sector uses a very small amount of electricity for rail. 39 However, Florida is second only to California in the number of registered electric vehicles, and has more than 3,250 all-electric vehicle charging stations. 40,41 In 2022, Florida consumed an estimated nearly 300 million kilowatthours of electricity to power electric vehicles, second only to California. 42
Solar energy and biomass provide almost all of Florida’s renewable-sourced electricity generation.
Renewable resources supply about 7% of Florida's total in-state electricity net generation, and about three-fourths of that renewable generation comes from solar energy. 43 In 2022, Florida was third in the nation, after California and Texas, in total solar power generating capacity, and solar energy accounted for more than 5% of Florida's total net generation. 44,45 About four-fifths of the state's solar generation came from utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) facilities. However, generation from small-scale installations (less than 1 megawatt) was about six times greater in 2022 than in 2018, in part because of the removal of state restrictions on leased solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. 46,47 Florida is one of only four states with utility-scale electricity generation from solar thermal technologies, which concentrate sunlight to produce high temperatures to create steam that powers turbines used to generate electricity. 48,49 The Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Center in Martin County, Florida, contains both a hybrid solar thermal and a natural gas-fueled facility. The Martin plant has a concentrating solar power facility that reduces the amount of natural gas burned at the natural gas-fired power plant. It is the only concentrating solar thermal generating facility east of the Rocky Mountains. 50,51
Florida accounts for about 8% of the nation's biomass-fueled electricity generation, more than all other states except Georgia and California. 52 Biomass fuels almost all of the non-solar renewable generation in Florida, but it provides less than 2% of the total in-state net generation. 53 Plants that process municipal solid waste, followed by those fueled by wood and wood waste, account for the largest share of the state's almost 1,200 megawatts of biomass-fueled generating capacity. Although there are many landfill gas facilities in Florida, they account for only 6% of the state's biomass generating capacity. 54 Florida also has a variety of other biomass resources that fuel utility-scale electricity generating facilities in the state, including sugarcane waste (bagasse), citrus pulp, forest residues, invasive trees and plants, animal waste, agricultural residues, and yard waste. 55 Some of the state's biomass resources provide feedstock for a wood pellet manufacturing plant located in the state's Panhandle. That plant has a production capacity of 826,726 tons of wood pellets per year, only slightly smaller than the nation's largest, which can produce 826,733 tons. 56
Florida has very few other renewable energy assets. One hydroelectric plant in northern Florida supplies a small amount of power. 57 A second plant retired in 2019, and the state's flat terrain provides little opportunity for additional hydropower development. 58,59 Florida has no significant wind energy resources, onshore or offshore, and the state has no utility-scale wind-powered generating capacity. 60,61,62
Florida does not have a statewide renewable energy portfolio standard requiring electricity providers to generate a certain amount of the state's electricity from renewables. However, some Florida cities including Orlando and Tallahassee, have committed to using 100% renewable energy. 63 Florida also has several state and local incentives, tax credits, and loan programs for certain renewable energy technologies. 64 The state has adopted net metering and interconnection rules for qualifying customer-sited renewable energy generating facilities, such as residential rooftop solar panels. 65,66 Florida utilities also have individual energy efficiency goals set by the Florida Public Service Commission. 67
Florida has minor crude oil reserves and accounts for less than 0.1% of the nation's crude oil production. 68,69 Onshore drilling for oil and natural gas in Florida began in 1901 and about 80 exploration wells were drilled in the state before oil was discovered in southwest Florida in 1943. 70 Annual crude oil production in the state peaked at more than 47 million barrels in 1978 with the development of the Jay Field in the Panhandle in northwestern Florida. Since 1978, statewide production has declined and has been less than 3 million barrels each year since 2004. In 2022, Florida crude oil production was about 1.2 million barrels. 71,72 Geologists believe there may be substantial additional reserves in the Gulf of Mexico off Florida's western coast. 73 However, since 1989, Florida has banned drilling in both Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico state waters. In 2006, the U.S. Congress banned oil and natural gas leasing in federal offshore areas in the central Gulf of Mexico planning area within 100 miles of Florida's coastline and in most of the eastern Gulf of Mexico planning area within 125 miles of Florida's coast. The ban on federal oil and natural gas leases off the state's Gulf coast was to expire in 2022, but a 2020 Presidential Memorandum extended the ban until 2032. 74,75,76
Tourism, travel on about 1,500 miles of interstate highway, and traffic through busy international airports drive petroleum consumption in Florida’s transportation sector.
Florida does not have any crude oil refineries or interstate crude oil or petroleum product pipelines. 77 The state relies on petroleum products delivered to Florida's inland petroleum product terminals by rail, truck, tanker, and barge, and on deliveries to marine terminals located at several ports in the state. 78 Petroleum products, including residual fuel oil, jet fuel, motor gasoline, low-sulfur distillate, and asphalt, arrive in Florida ports from around the world. 79 Two intrastate pipelines transport petroleum products and fuel ethanol from the Tampa Bay port area across central Florida to Orlando. 80
The transportation sector accounts for about nine-tenths of the petroleum consumed in Florida. 81 In part because of the state's significant tourist industry, travel on about 1,500 miles of interstate highway, and the heavy passenger and cargo traffic through its international airports, Florida is among the top five petroleum-consuming states in the nation. 82,83 However, because of its warm climate the state uses less petroleum per capita than in all but eight other states. 84 In 2022, Florida was second in the nation in total jet fuel consumption; only California used more. 85 In 2021, Florida also ranked third, after Texas and California, in total motor gasoline consumption. 86
Florida does not require motor gasoline that is blended with ethanol, and federal requirements for cleaner-burning summer gasoline blends in the state's urban areas were lifted in 2014. 87,88 However, motor gasoline blended with ethanol is widely used, and Florida is the third-largest consumer of fuel ethanol in the nation. 89 There are no fuel ethanol production plants in the state. 90 Florida no longer has any biodiesel plants since the state's last biodiesel production plant closed and put its equipment up for sale in 2021. 91,92 However, Florida does account for about 1.4% of the nation's biodiesel consumption. 93
The industrial and commercial sectors use almost all of the rest of the petroleum consumed in Florida. Because electric utilities have retired older petroleum-fired units and replaced many of them with natural gas-fired ones, the electric power sector uses less than 1% of the petroleum consumed in the state. However, Florida is fifth in the nation in petroleum use for power generation. The residential sector—where fewer than 1 in 100 households use petroleum products, mostly propane, for heating—consumes even less. 94,95
Florida does not have significant natural gas reserves. Economically recoverable natural gas reserves may lie offshore in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, but, as with crude oil, exploratory drilling in state and federal waters in the eastern Gulf is not allowed. 96,97 However, Florida does have a small amount of natural gas production, all from the same fields that produce crude oil. 98 Almost all of that natural gas production is in the Jay Field in the Florida Panhandle, and most of that natural gas is reinjected into the oil zones to maintain reservoir pressures and improve oil production. 99 As a result, only about 5% to 15% of the state's natural gas gross withdrawals are marketed. 100 Florida's annual natural gas production peaked at almost 52 billion cubic feet in 1978 (less than 0.3% of the U.S. total that year) but declined steadily in the next three decades. Production rose again in 2010, reaching more than one-third of the 1978 peak in 2012. It increased again, reaching almost one-third of the peak in 2018 before declining again. In 2022, Florida's total natural gas production was only about 8.4 billion cubic feet. 101
Florida receives nearly all the natural gas it consumes from the Gulf Coast region via major interstate pipelines. Pipelines entering Florida bring natural gas into the state through Alabama and Georgia. 102 One subsea pipeline runs 745 miles across the Gulf of Mexico, forming an offshore link from the Mississippi and Alabama border to central Florida. 103,104,105,106 The electric power sector receives most of the natural gas delivered to Florida consumers. In 2022, electricity generation accounted for 87% of the state's natural gas deliveries to consumers. The industrial sector consumed about 8%, and the commercial sector used about 4%. The residential sector, where about 1 in 20 households use natural gas as a primary home heating fuel, consumed about 1%. A very small amount is used as vehicle fuel. 107,108 There are 26 public-access compressed natural gas vehicle fueling stations in Florida. 109
Florida does not have any coal reserves or production and relies on coal from several other states and from overseas to meet its limited coal demand. 110,111 In 2021, domestic coal supplies for Florida's coal-fired electricity generating plants came by railroad and barge, primarily from Illinois, Kentucky, and Indiana. Other Florida industries received small amounts of domestic coal from Illinois, Alabama, and Kentucky. 112 Port Tampa Bay, the largest cargo port in Florida, also receives shipments of imported coal, and a much smaller amount arrives in the Miami customs district. 113,114 Almost all coal consumed in Florida is used for electricity generation. 115 However, coal-fired electricity generation in the state has declined as older coal-fired units retired and were replaced by natural gas-fired generation. 116,117 Coal consumption in Florida's electric power sector fell from almost 29 million tons in 2007 to about 7 million tons in 2022. The rest of the coal used in Florida in 2022 went to industrial facilities. They consumed less than 190,000 tons of coal that year. 118
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18 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table P3, Total Primary Energy Production and Total Energy Consumption Estimates in Trillion Btu, 2021.
19 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Annual 2022 (October 2023), Table 3.7, Utility Scale Facility Net Generation, and
Table 3.21, Net Generation from Solar Photovoltaic.
20 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Florida, Fuel Type (Check all), Annual, 2001-22.
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27 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Florida, updated March 9, 2021.
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31 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Florida, FUEL TYPE (Check All), Annual, 2022.
32 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of November 2023, and Inventory of Planned Generators as of November 2023.
33 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C17, Electricity Retail Sales, Total and Residential, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
34 U.S. EIA, Florida Electricity Profile 2022, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2022.
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36 U.S. EIA, Florida Electricity Profile 2022, Table 10, Supply and disposition of electricity, 1990 through 2022.
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38 U.S. EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), 2020 RECS Survey Data, State Data, Highlights for air conditioning in U.S. homes by state, 2020.
39 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F20, Electricity Consumption Estimates, 2022.
40 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F39, Electric light-duty vehicles overview, 2022.
41 U.S. EIA, Monthly Energy Review (January 2024), Appendix F.1, Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure, monthly state file, XLS.
42 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Monthly (January 2024), Table D.3, Estimated State and Regional Consumption of Electricity from Light-Duty Vehicles, Annual, 2022.
43 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Florida, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, Utility-scale photovoltaic, Utility-scale thermal, Geothermal, Biomass, Small-scale photovoltaic, 2022.
44 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Annual, Table 4.7.B, Net Summer Capacity Using Primarily Renewable Energy Sources and by State, 2022 and 2021.
45 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Florida, All fuels, All solar, Small-scale photovoltaic, 2022.
46 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Florida, All solar, Small-scale solar photovoltaic, All utility-scale solar, 2010-22.
47 U.S. EIA, "Texas and Florida had large small-scale solar capacity increases in 2020," Today in Energy (March 4, 2021).
48 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Annual, Table 3.22, Utility Scale Facility Net Generation from Solar Thermal by State, by Sector, 2022 and 2021.
49 U.S. EIA, Solar Explained, Solar Thermal Power Plants, updated April 15, 2022.
50 Neville, Angela, "Top Plant: Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Center, Indiantown, Martin County, Florida," Power (December 1, 2011).
51 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Concentrating Solar Power Projects, Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Center, updated October 25, 2023.
52 U.S. EIA, Electric Power Annual, Table 3.19, Utility Scale Facility Net Generation from Biomass by State, by Sector, 2022 and 2021.
53 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Florida, All fuels, Conventional hydroelectric, Other renewables, Wind, Utility-scale photovoltaic, Utility-scale thermal, Geothermal, Biomass, Small-scale photovoltaic, 2022.
54 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of November 2023.
55 Florida Energy Systems Consortium, Biomass Energy, accessed January 20, 2024.
56 U.S. EIA, Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report, Table 1, Densified biomass fuel manufacturing facilities in the United States by state, region, and capacity, October 2023.
57 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, List of plants for conventional hydroelectric, Florida, all sectors, 2022.
58 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Retired Generators as of November 2023.
59 NETSTATE, Florida, The Geography of Florida, updated September 9, 2017.
60 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Florida 80-Meter Wind Resource Map, accessed January 20, 2024.
61 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, U.S. Offshore 90-Meter Wind Resource Potential, accessed January 20, 2024.
62 U.S. EIA, Electricity, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860), Inventory of Operating Generators as of November 2023.
63 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in Florida, Policies and Incentives, accessed January 20, 2024.
64 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Programs, Florida, Financial Incentives, accessed January 20, 2024.
65 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Florida, Net Metering, updated January 5, 2024.
66 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Florida, Interconnection Standards, updated January 13, 2024.
67 NC Clean Energy Technology Center, DSIRE, Florida, Energy Efficiency Goals, updated February 16, 2023.
68 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production, Proved Reserves, as of December 31, 2016-21.
69 U.S. EIA, Crude Oil Production, Annual, 2017-22.
70 Wells, B. A. and K. L. Wells, "First Florida Oil Well," American Oil & Gas Historical Society, accessed January 20, 2024.
71 Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water Resource Management, Oil and Gas Program, Field Production Data Graph, 2022, updated February 17, 2023, Excel File.
72 U.S. EIA, Florida Field Production of Crude Oil, Annual, 1981-2022.
73 U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, 2016a National Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf, Table 13, Risk mean-level UERR for the Gulf of Mexico OCS Region by planning area, p. 61, 63.
74 Online Sunshine, The 2023 Florida Statutes, Title XXVIII, 377.242, accessed January 21, 2024.
75 U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Areas Under Restriction, accessed January 21, 2024.
76 U.S. Department of the Interior, "ICYMI: No Offshore Drilling around Florida and the Southern Atlantic," Press Release (September 10, 2020).
77 U.S. EIA, Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries, Total Number of Operable Refineries, 2018-23.
78 U.S. EIA, U.S. Energy Atlas, Petroleum Energy Infrastructure and Resources, Florida, Crude Oil Pipelines, Petroleum Product Pipelines, Petroleum Product Terminals, Petroleum Ports accessed January 21, 2024.
79 U.S. EIA, Petroleum and Other Liquids, Company Level Imports, Florida, October 2023.
80 Kinder Morgan, Products Pipelines, Southeast Operations, Central Florida Pipeline Company, accessed January 21, 2024.
81 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
82 Interstate-Guide.com. Interstates by State, updated February 2, 2024.
83 Airports Council International, North American Airport Traffic Report, link to Top 50 2022 North American Traffic Report.
84 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table C15, Petroleum Consumption, Total and per Capita, Ranked by State, 2021.
85 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F1, Jet Fuel Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2022.
86 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F3, Motor Gasoline Consumption, Price, and Expenditure Estimates, 2021.
87 Larson, B. K., U.S. Gasoline Requirements as of January 2018, ExxonMobil (January 30, 2018).
88 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gasoline Standards, Relaxation of Summer Gasoline Volatility Standard for Florida and the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Area (Triangle Area) and the Greensboro/Winston-Salem/High Point Area (Triad Area) in North Carolina, updated June 7, 2023.
89 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F25, Fuel ethanol consumption estimates, 2021.
90 U.S. EIA, U.S. Fuel Ethanol Plant Production Capacity, U.S. fuel ethanol plant count by state, 2023.
91 U.S. EIA, U.S. Biodiesel Plant Production Capacity, U.S. biodiesel plant count by state, 2023.
92 Kotrba, Ron, "Miami-based Green Biofuels biodiesel plant equipment up for auction," Biobased Diesel Daily (November 4, 2021).
93 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F26, Biodiesel Consumption Estimates, 2021.
94 U.S. EIA, State Energy Data System, Table F16, Total Petroleum Consumption Estimates, 2021.
95 U.S. Census Bureau, Florida, Table B25040, House Heating Fuel, 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.
96 U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, 2016a National Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS Report BOEM 2017-085), Table 13, Risk mean-level UERR for the Gulf of Mexico OCS Region by planning area, p. 61, 63.
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99 Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water Resource Management, Oil and Gas Program, State Production Data 2000 to Current, Florida Production Data 2000 to Current, Excel File.
100 U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Florida, Annual-Million Cubic Feet, 2017-22.
101 U.S. EIA, Florida Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, and U.S. Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals, 1971-2022.
102 U.S. EIA, International and Interstate Movements of Natural Gas by State, Florida, Annual, 2017-22.
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111 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Report 2022 (October 2023), Table 1, Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2022 and 2021.
112 U.S. EIA, Annual Coal Distribution Report 2022 (October 2023), By Coal Distribution State, Florida, Table DS-8, Domestic Coal Distribution, by Destination State, 2022.
113 U.S. EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, 4th Quarter 2022, Table 20, Coal Imports by Customs District.
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115 U.S. EIA Annual Coal Report 2022 (October 2023), Table 26, U.S. Coal Consumption by End Use Sector, Census Division, and State, 2022 and 2021.
116 U.S. EIA, Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Florida, All fuels, Coal, Natural gas, 2001-22.
117 U.S. EIA, "Natural gas-fired power generation has grown in Florida, displacing coal," Today in Energy (September 9, 2019).
118 U.S. EIA, Coal Data Browser, Total consumption, Florida, All sectors, Annual, 2000-22.